Final Project

Introduction :

Fossil fuel is a mixture between oil and gas, natural process such as anaerobic. It has high number of carbon and coals. Fossil fuel contain oil and gas, because they found it from early plants and die animals.in addition oil and gas can burn easily but coal weed to break it to small pieces to get easily burn. “The first discoveries of natural gas seeps were made in Iran. Many early writers described the natural petroleum seeps in the middle east” (The Energy Story, 2012). There is advantage and disadvantage of using fossil fuel the advantage point , by using fossil fuel can be generate high amount of electrical energy .easily transporting oil and gas from one place to other by using pipeline or ships .most gases has found it purity, but there is a lot of disadvantage of fossil fuel like carbon dioxide and pollution output which mite be happened by burning it and effect the greenhouse by warming the earth.  Most scientists believe that fossil fuels are age-old plant deposits but,” Some scientists say that tiny diatoms are the source of oil” (ibid.).

There are 8 tests we used for our sample; the first test was to find the physical appearance for the sample this test was to look to the sample from different way like to look to the density and the color of the liquid. And the second test is the pour point its help us to find the lowest temperature of the liquid which it become semi solid and losses its following. But  third test was to find the cloud point which it help us to find the fluid temperature at which dissolved solid are no longer completely soluble .After that the refractive index test which it help us to find how light or any other radiation propagates through that medium and its dimension less number. The API gravity test its to find how the petroleum liquid is heavy or light compare to water for example if the API greater than 10 its lighter and its floating on the water and if it less than 10 it will be heavier and its sinking in water . Flash point test its help us to find lowest temperature at which it can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air its requires an ignition source to measure it .Viscosity it’s to find a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress for the liquid . Finally the total acid number test it’s a measurement of acidity that is determined by the amount of potassium hydroxide in milligrams that is needed to neutralize the acids in one gram of oil .

 

Jet fuel:  is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. It is colorless to straw-colored in appearance. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1 which are produced to a standardized international specification.( Jet fuel – Wiki 2013)

Gas oil: another name is called ‘fuel oil’ is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a extract or a reminder. The oil which is use to generate the power by using engine power or use as a source of fuel flame in different place like furnace, boiler and heater. Its having a black color similar to reside but with low viscous. Basically it has long hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes. There are using the fuel oil name as a higher oil of the commercial fuel that found from the main crude oil. (Fuel oil – Wiki 2013)

Transformer oil:  or lubricating oil which it has insulation electrical properties and good stable at high temperature .it used in oil plant transformers. It has different type of use in high voltage circuit and circuit breakers. (Transformer oil – Wiki 2013)

Turbine oil: also it called ‘motor oil’ the most use in motor engine. Its produce from petroleum based and non-petroleum synthesized chemical compounds. Different function of use most as a lubricating oil which prevent seal damage and piston move easily.  Because of easy to cool it back It can be use also as a lubricating oil for any move parts in engine. (Motor oil – Wiki 2013)

Gear oil: it’s mostly use for transmissions. Because it has more viscous, so it’s good for truck, transfer causes, differential in automobile and other machinery. It prevents any gear damage because of the higher viscous oil which derived from petroleum product. (Gear oil – Wiki 2013)

 

Test description:

Pour point: by filling the sample with the test jar. And kept it to the first cool section which read max (-18C). Then take it and put in the second cool section read (-35C). We take it a solid and monitored it to start first drop settle down, so that is the pour point.

Cloud point: by filling the sample with the test jar. Then we kept the sample to cool for some time and during the sample cool we monitored the temperature to make sure the start cloud point.

Api gravity: by using thermometer to found the temperature of our sample. Fill up the measuring tube to 50 ml and putting the hydrometer to find the S.G. then slightly more the hydrometer to make sure the correct reading and waiting for a minute.

Flash point: by heating the Cleveland cup appearance with our sample and monitor the temperature with using flame by time to see the start catching fire.

Viscosity: by using the viscometer and count the time from point A to point B with low temperature at 40 C .then increase the temperature to (100 C) which help us more, because our sample more viscous.

 

Experimental data:

Type of sample	Physical appearance	Pour point	Cloud point	API gravity	Viscosity	Flash point	Refrective index	Total acid number
Gear oil	NA	-12 to -17	NA	23.99 to 29.3	NA	210	1.4665	0.8
Unknown “2”	Dark brown, viscous liquid	-13	9	24.68     S.G 0.906	At 40 =546.996 At 100 =44.85	204	1.4978	0.51 0.52 0.49   mg/g

 

 

Viscosity at 40

# Test				2
1	546.996	546.61	0.386	0.148996
2	546.419	546.61	-0.191	0.036481
3	546.419	546.61	-0.191	0.036481
Total				0.0412

 

S =    =   = 0.14491

% S = x 100    = x 100     = 0.0265 %

Viscosity at 100

# Test				2
1	44.85	45.267	- 0.417	0.173889
2	45.425	45.267	0.158	0.024964
3	45.425	45.267	0.158	0.024964
Total				0.223817

 

S =    =   =0.3345

% S = x 100    = x 100     = 0.7389 %

Discussion:

      In this lab we did many experiments for our unknown sample toward known  which type of oil : jet fuel ,gas oil, transformer oil, turbine oil and gear oil. Then we started to do the test by starting physical appearance, pour point, cloud point, refractive index, API gravity, flash point, viscosity and total acid number ‘TAN’. Then we compare our sample with the test, to make sure our sample it’s one of them. These tests were significant to us because it helped us to identify our unknown sample. Regarding to our unknown sample #2 and gear oil, the physical appearance for our sample was dark brown color and viscous liquid same gear oil.

     The second test we do it pour point and cloud point , the pour point we found it within range ,but cloud point was 9 C but the reference was not found because of the high viscous. The reflective index was the same.

The fourth test which is the API gravity it was 24.85 and the reference range between 23.99 – 29.30. the final test was the “TAN” total acid number also it was in the range.

    There are a lot of environmental impacts of fossil fuel such as; mining for oil destroy natural habitats and poses dangers to both workers and resistance. The refining process requires the use of toxic chemical and high amount of energy.

Conclusion

   Our unknown #2 we found it to be gear oil, which we selected because we found it similar to the research about gear oil. These seven tests we do it pour point, cloud point, refractive index, API gravity, flash point, viscosity and total acid number. The experiment and lab itself was very difficult from start from finding information from internet until to find the type of sample. It has to be very careful and precise. In addition, there are a lot of problem found during checking the unknown sample, because of the most viscous liquid it difficult to find the cloud point easily. And the API gravity it focuses on the viscous of the liquid so it takes more time to stabilize liquid. Even in the flash point tests it takes more time to start flame then other sample. By the way in refractive index device we got one problem that was due to not clean it properly. Furthermore, the total acid number we do it three time due to more viscous liquid.

References

Declaration. (2013, January 1). Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) - Gas Oil 500 ppm S (5800). Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC). Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://www.adnoc.ae/content.aspx?newid=290&mid=290

 

Fossil fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, May 10). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel

 

Fossil fuels | Environment | The Guardian . (2013, January 1).  Latest US news, world news, sport and comment from the Guardian | guardiannews.com | The Guardian . Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/fossil-fuels

 

Fuel oil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, May 4). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 15, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil

Gear oil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, April 2). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 15, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_oil

Halocarbon - Fluorochemicals. (2013, January 1). Halocarbon.com - Halocarbon Products Corporation - Pioneering Solutions in Fluorochemicals. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://www.halocarbon.com/fluorochemicals/products.php?gclid=CO_N_52glbcCFQ4b6wodP1MAUw

 

Jet fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, May 13). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 15, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_fuel

Transformer oil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, May 15). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 15, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_oil

 Motor oil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, May 15).  Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 15, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_oil

The Energy Story - Chapter 8: Fossil Fuels - Coal, Oil and Natural Gas . (2012, January 1). Energy Quest Room. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html

Top 5 Fossil Fuel Alternatives | Hello World!. (2008, April 22). Hello World! | A Romance With Nature…. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://helloworldbea.wordpress.com/2008/04/22/top-5-fossil-fuel-alternatives/

 

 

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Appendices:

Research Data:

Test     sample	Physical appearance	Pour point C◦	Cloud point C◦	Refractive index	API gravity	Flash point C◦	Viscosity	TAN
Jet fuel	Clear straw	9	-40 to  -47	1.4511	43.7	38	8.00	0.015
Gas oil	Light green , oil smell	0 to 6	-40	1.4524	38.5	66	2.0 to 4.5	0.1
Transformer oil	Light green	-45	NA	1.4820	160	160	At  40 =10.9	0.15
Turbine oil	NA	-4 to 20	NA	1.4717	31.8	200	At 40 = 32	0.1
Gear oil	NA	-12 to -17	NA	1.4665	23.99 to 29.30	210	At 40 =545.996 At 100=44.9	0.8